The International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) has voiced serious concern about the potentially protectionist approach being taken by the U.S. with respect to the future transport of energy exports, despite the signal of the US Congress from last week that it would approve major free trade deals with Asia and Europe.
“International ship operators, represented by ICS, are particularly anxious that a regime currently being developed to promote the carriage of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) exports on U.S. flag ships may set an undesirable precedent should the U.S. decide to lift the current ban on crude oil exports (as is being considered by Congress at the moment),” ICS said.
In December 2014, the US President Obama signed a legislation requiring the U.S. Secretary of Transportation to implement a program to promote the use of U.S. flag ships. This is expected to prioritise the processing of licenses for new deep water LNG export facilities from those exporters that indicate they plan to use U.S. flag gas carriers, rather than ships operated by foreign shipping companies.
ICS believes that this approach is not in the spirit of the free trade commitments that the U.S. has already accepted with respect to maritime services at the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has implications bilaterally, for example, with respect to the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).
The European Commission, which represents the EU in trade negotiation, and governments of other countries with large LNG tanker fleets, such as Japan and Norway, are also concerned.
ICS says that any protectionist approach towards shipping being pursued by the U.S. might also be emulated by other energy exporters, such as Russia, Iran and Saudi Arabia.
“This could seriously undermine the framework of open market access and free trade principles in shipping that has facilitated the efficient transport of energy worldwide since the 1980s, ” ICS added.
The United States already has restricting policies in place such as the Jones Act, which limits foreign carrier access to maritime trade between U.S. ports.
Gas carriers are highly sophisticated vessels that typically cost over USD 100 million each to build. In reality, the U.S. has virtually no LNG carriers capable of operating in global export markets and is likely to find them uneconomic to build.
Most gas carriers today are built in Japan, Korea and China
In practice therefore, ICS believes that it is possible that the initial U.S. program will lead to foreign LNG shipowners being discriminated against in other ways, such as being required to employ U.S. seafarers, which are far more expensive to employ than their non-U.S. counterparts.
“However, the U.S. does possess a domestic oil tanker fleet. Should a similar protectionist approach be applied to the carriage of crude oil exports, the global shipping industry fears it could be completely shut out of what is expected to be a major shipping trade worth billions of dollars a year,” ICS added.
Any requirement or pressure to use U.S. flag tankers would undoubtedly increase the costs of exporting U.S. energy. But ICS says that unless the United States Trade Representative (USTR) or other supporters of free trade intervene, energy companies might see this as a price worth paying in order to be permitted to export U.S. crude.