Scaling up hydrogen is no longer primarily a technology challenge but a policy one, as most announced projects remain stalled without long-term demand signals and government backing, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).

Potential low-emissions production for 2030 has now grown to 37 million tonnes per annum (mtpa), but only 11% of this capacity corresponds to projects that have reached a final investment decision (FID) or are already operational, the upcoming edition of the IEA’s annual Global Hydrogen Review shows.